Mohammad Taghi Kheirkhah
1* 
, Mehran Mokarrami
2 , Maryam Kazemitabar
3,4 , Danilo Garcia
5,6,7 1 Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3 Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
4 VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, USA
5 Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
6 Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
7 Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Abstract
This paper addresses the comorbidity of substance use and mental illness among women in Iran and the barriers they encounter in accessing treatment. Research has demonstrated a higher prevalence of comorbidity of substance use disorders and mental illness among women than men. It has been suggested that women in Iran may face numerous barriers to appropriate care, such as stigma and discrimination associated with substance use. Integrated treatment for co-occurring disorders (CODs) has been highly beneficial and effective; however, personal and structural limitations impede this treatment approach, which explains the need to develop a situation- and culture-specific program. Needs assessment is necessary to achieve an integrated treatment, and the Iranian government should take the lead in this endeavor. However, if this seems unlikely, non-governmental organizations could be called upon to promote it.